Abstract
Background and objectives: The chemical bombardment of Halabja in 1988 cast a trans-generational shadow that spans death. The present study compares historical victim testimonies with biomedical and environmental research to highlight interconnected health, environmental, social and political impacts and find practical lapses in treatment, restoration and awareness.
Methods: Using Van Manen’s hermeneutic phenomenology, we conducted purposive, semi-structured interviews with 12 survivors of 1988 Halabja chemical genocide and the victims’ relatives from June to August 2025. Interviews (60–80 minutes) were recorded, transcribed, translated, and thematically analyzed via Van Manen’s six activities.
Results: Data analysis led to the emergence of five themes: (1) lasting humanitarian and health consequences; (2) displacement and social fragmentation; (3) environmental damage and contamination; (4) psychosocial trauma and community recovery; and (5) political and global dimensions of chemical genocide.
Conclusion: Recovery remains non-linear and incomplete. Comprehensive solutions to a protracted response include sustainable clinical care, open environmental surveillance, psychosocially consistent care, and commemoration and redress in consonance with international agreements.
Keywords: Halabja; chemical genocide; sulfur mustard; hermeneutic phenomenology; environmental contamination; psychosocial trauma.
A dedicated medical student with a strong interest in healthcare, scientific research, and improving patient outcomes through evidence-based practice.
I am Ranu, a fourth-year medical student with a strong passion for learning and professional growth. Beyond my academic pursuits, I enjoy painting, playing the piano, and reading novels, which enhance my creativity and balance my scientific focus with an appreciation for art and literature.
