{"id":615,"date":"2026-07-06T11:15:34","date_gmt":"2026-07-06T08:15:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scientificconferenceofgenocide.krd\/?p=615"},"modified":"2026-07-25T18:25:23","modified_gmt":"2026-07-25T15:25:23","slug":"from-poisoned-skies-to-present-struggles-the-long-shadow-of-chemical-genocide-in-halabja","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scientificconferenceofgenocide.krd\/?p=615","title":{"rendered":"From Poisoned Skies to Present Struggles: The Long Shadow of Chemical Genocide in Halabja"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Background and objectives:<\/em><\/strong> The chemical bombardment of Halabja in 1988 cast a trans-generational shadow that spans death. The present study compares historical victim testimonies with biomedical and environmental research to highlight interconnected health, environmental, social and political impacts and find practical lapses in treatment, restoration and awareness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Methods:<\/em><\/strong> Using Van Manen\u2019s hermeneutic phenomenology, we conducted purposive, semi-structured interviews with 12 survivors of 1988 Halabja chemical genocide and the victims\u2019 relatives from June to August 2025. Interviews (60\u201380 minutes) were recorded, transcribed, translated, and thematically analyzed via Van Manen\u2019s six activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results:<\/em><\/strong> Data analysis led to the emergence of five themes: (1) lasting humanitarian and health consequences; (2) displacement and social fragmentation; (3) environmental damage and contamination; (4) psychosocial trauma and community recovery; and (5) political and global dimensions of chemical genocide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion:<\/em><\/strong> Recovery remains non-linear and incomplete. Comprehensive solutions to a protracted response include sustainable clinical care, open environmental surveillance, psychosocially consistent care, and commemoration and redress in consonance with international agreements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keywords:<\/strong> Halabja; chemical genocide; sulfur mustard; hermeneutic phenomenology; environmental contamination; psychosocial trauma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Full Text Research<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Arya<\/span> Hemn Mahmood<\/span><\/div>

A dedicated medical student with a strong interest in healthcare, scientific research, and improving patient outcomes through evidence-based\u00a0practice.<\/p><\/div>

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Ranu<\/span> Nazar Abdulqadir<\/span><\/div>

I am Ranu, a fourth-year medical student with a strong passion for learning and professional growth. Beyond my academic pursuits, I enjoy painting, playing the piano, and reading novels, which enhance my creativity and balance my scientific focus with an appreciation for art\u00a0and\u00a0literature.<\/p><\/div>

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Abstract Background and objectives: The chemical bombardment of Halabja in 1988 cast a trans-generational shadow that spans death. The present study compares historical victim testimonies with biomedical and environmental research to highlight interconnected health, environmental, social and political impacts and find practical lapses in treatment, restoration and awareness. Methods: Using Van Manen\u2019s hermeneutic phenomenology, we […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":616,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-615","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scientificconferenceofgenocide.krd\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/615","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scientificconferenceofgenocide.krd\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scientificconferenceofgenocide.krd\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scientificconferenceofgenocide.krd\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scientificconferenceofgenocide.krd\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=615"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.scientificconferenceofgenocide.krd\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/615\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":835,"href":"https:\/\/www.scientificconferenceofgenocide.krd\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/615\/revisions\/835"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scientificconferenceofgenocide.krd\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/616"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scientificconferenceofgenocide.krd\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=615"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scientificconferenceofgenocide.krd\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=615"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scientificconferenceofgenocide.krd\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=615"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}